Black grapes and the treatment of fatty liver disease

In studies recently published in the media, eating black grapes can increase life expectancy by five years and reduce the risk of fatty liver disease in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Studies on black grapes

Nutrition plays an essential role in maintaining health, preventing the onset of disease and improving longevity. The basic concept of a healthy diet includes more vegetables, fruits and whole grains and less trans fat, saturated fat and refined carbohydrates. According to the USDA’s Economic Research Service, the daily diet should include at least two cups of fruit and 2.5 cups of vegetables.

Vegetables and fruits are vital for maintaining body homeostasis and improving pathological conditions. In recent years, evidence has accumulated that vegetables and fruits can modulate gene states and regulate metabolic pathways.

Black grapes are amazing fruits. Bioactive components of black grapes are known to modulate the pathophysiology of various diseases including diabetes, obesity, cancer and inflammatory diseases. In addition, the components of black grapes are known to control the aging process and improve longevity.

In the said study, scientists have evaluated the effect of black grapes in reducing the adverse health effects caused by a high-fat Western diet.

A diet high in saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and salt increases the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. Also, this diet reduces the lifespan of mice by 34%.

Specifically, the scientists aimed to understand the effect of black grape consumption on liver gene states, lipid metabolism, longevity, and fatty liver disease. Mice fed with high-fat diet containing 5% black grape powder or semi-synthetic diet were used as experimental models.

The consumption of a 5% black grape powder supplement in mice was estimated to be equivalent to the daily consumption of about 300 grams of fresh black grapes by a person weighing 70 kg.

Important observations

Blackcurrant supplementation in a standard semi-synthetic diet

Part of the study examined differences in gene states between mice fed a standard diet with and without blackcurrant supplementation.

RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct differences between the two groups. Specifically, black grape supplementation induced structural integrity in the ribosome, mitochondrial protein complex, and protein translation pathways. Enrichment of ribosomal genes is related to cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and development.

Additionally, enrichment in drug metabolism, detoxification, antioxidant, and oxidative stress-related pathways was observed in mice fed a standard diet supplemented with blackcurrant. Glutathione is an antioxidant enzyme and is usually involved in these pathways. RNA-seq findings showed that blackcurrant supplementation increased glutathione levels, in addition to inducing levels of other antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione synthetase, and superoxide dismutase.

These findings suggest that blackcurrant supplements help maintain cellular redox homeostasis, neutralize active free radicals, and prevent oxidative stress.

Supplementing black grapes in a high-fat diet

Consuming a high-fat diet increases the risk of various health complications, including fatty liver disease. The prevalence of this disease worldwide is estimated at approximately 25%.

A comparison between mice fed a high-fat diet with and without blackcurrant supplementation showed that blackcurrant consumption reduced the accumulation of fat in the liver, which is one of the main symptoms of fatty liver disease.

The findings of RNA-seq showed the different states of more than 5600 genes between the two groups. A number of these genes are involved in reducing fatty liver, including mitochondrial and peroxisome degradation, esterification, phospholipid metabolism, sequestration and hydrolysis.

Further analysis revealed that blackcurrant supplementation was associated with regulation of high-fat diet-induced catabolic processes and enrichment of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Specifically, black grape supplementation increased the expression of genes related to fatty acid transport and breakdown, esterification and free fatty acid sequestration.

It was also observed that black grape supplements regulate the states of genes related to the enrichment of lipid content, cholesterol synthesis and the redistribution of lipids from muscle and fat to the liver.

Also, since a high-fat diet reduces lifespan in mice, this study investigated the effect of black grape supplementation on lifespan. The findings showed that dietary consumption of black grapes during life is associated with significant improvement in survival.

As mentioned, changes in fatty liver-related gene states by blackcurrant may help reduce the harmful effects of a high-fat diet, which subsequently helped improve lifespan in mice.

A moderate enrichment in adiponectin receptor gene expression was observed in blackcurrant-fed mice. Overexpression of adiponectin receptors is known to improve glucose metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity, justifying the positive effect of black grape consumption on longevity.

Final speech

Researchers found that consuming black grapes was beneficial in reducing the risk of fatty liver disease caused by a high-fat diet in mice, as well as improving their lifespan. In addition, black grapes reduce the adverse effects of a high-fat diet by changing gene expression patterns.

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